Training apparatus



Jan. 8, 1946..

l.. G. srMJlAN TRAINING APPARATUS 6 Sheets-Sheet l Filed Feb. l5, 1945 gg ll lNvy-OR A'f-ToRNEY Jan. 8, 1946. 1.. G. slMJlAN TRAINING `APPARATUS Filed Feb. l5, 1945 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 /W//MA ATTORNEY l.. GQ slMJlAN TRAINING APPARATUS Jan.

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lNVE-NTOR Ian. 8,- 1946. 1 G. lslMJlAN TRAINING APPARATUS 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Feb. 13, 1943 V INVVENTOR bid 4Q ATTORNEY Uan. s, 1946.5 i L, SIMJ.AN 2,392,781 l TRAINING APPARATUS I Filed Feb'. 13, 1943 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 TTORNEY Jain. 8, 1946.

G. SIMJIAN TRAINING APPARATUS Filed Feb. l5, 1943 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 INVENTOR ATTORNEY Patented Jan. 8, 1946 UNITED STATES PATENT oFFlcs TRAINING APPARATUS Luther G. simjian, Riverside, conn.

Application February 13, 1943, Serial No. 475,743

45 Claims.

This invention relates to mechanism used for training aviators in identifying aircraft or ships, in determining the speed of movement of arcraft, direction of movement, and other related factors that are important in combat iiying.

It is the object of my invention to devise a training apparatus that will be helpful in training aviators in the accomplishments above set forth. As one feature of my invention whereby the several objectives thereof are attained, I employ a reiiecting system and a scale model of an airplane to project the image of the airplane model to a sighting point, it being a further feature of the invention that at least certain of the parts are movable whereby to vary the apparent distance between the airplane model and the sighting point. .The termsighting point is used to designate that structural portion of the apparatus of my invention where the eyes of the aviator are to be positioned in the use of the apparatus.

. As a further feature of my invention a part vo1' the reflecting system is movable relatively to an airplane model whereby to changethe apparent distance between a sighting point and the airplane model. As still a further feature of my invention, the image of the airplane model is preferably reflected to the sighting point along a predetermined line in all the positions,A of the relatively movable par-t of the reecting system.

As a further feature of my invention, mirrors are used to form that portion of my reflecting system that .is movable relatively to the airplane model and to reflect the image of the airplane model to a sighting point. As still a further important feature of my invention, at least the final of one of the relatively movable mirrors is adapted for compound movement whereby in all positions thereof it reects the image of the airplane model to the sighting point along a predetermined line.

Y In the preferred form lof my invention, a part of the reflecting system of mirrors is moved relatively to a fixed airplane model, a pair of moving mirrorsl being used,4A and these mirrors being adapted forpivotal movement as well as movement bodily relatively to the airplane lmodel. Tho'se skilled in the art will fully appreciate that' it is possible to change the systemwhile follow,- ing my teachings to the art, land to employ a moving airplane model and stationary mirrors, or both moving mirrors anda moving airplane model. I shall therefore claim my invention in a manner .suiCiently broad to coventh'ose structural combinations of the parts of my invention suggested by my contribution to the art.

A further feature of my invention resides'in the relationship of the mirrors, the airplane model and the sighting point relatively to a sighting glass that is in predetermined calibrated relation to the movement of the mirrors, whereby the apparent distance of the airplane from the observer at'the sighting point, and the apparent speed of movement of the airplane as developed by the moving mirrors, may be readily determined.

A further feature of my invention resides in means whereby the airplane model is readily moved to assume different positions while in apparent night whereby to make possible its study and identification under the'equivalent of actual combat conditions. A still further featureof my invention resides in means used for illuminating the airplane model so as to simulate all types of light conditions such as early dawn or sunset, full mid-day sunlight, etc. y

A still further feature of my invention resides in the mounting of appropriate dial mechanism in a particular position on the apparatus where it may be used to indicate the apparent distance of the airplane from the sighting point, this indicating mechanism being utilized in one modification to facilitate Yexamination of student pilots. A still further feature of my invention resides in what I term a double ender machine in which two sighting points are utilizedin combination Iwith a moving mirror carriage for facilitating the teaching of a group of students, preferably by a singleinstructor..

A still further feature of my invention residesA in the incorporation of the apparatus of my invention in a sighting tunnel. Other featuresV of my invention will be rapparent, from a reading of the specification that follows. n

For a description of my invention, I shall refer to the accompanying drawings in' which Fig. 1 is a vertical partial section of an apparatus in which my invention is embodied.' Fig. 2 is a section takenl along lines 2`2 of Fig. 1 Figs. 3 and 4. are're'spectively sections taken along line 3-3 and 4--4 of Fig. 1. Fig.'5 is a section taken along lines 5-5 of Fig. l. Fig. 6 is a sectiontaken along lines'G-S'of Fig. 5:. Fig.' 'l is an exploded view of certain details ofy construction. Fig. 8

,is a partial section taken along lines of Fig. 1. Fig, 91s 'a perspective view o f thefront end of the, apparatus of Fig. l with' certainparts ,cut away to illustrateother .parts inside the sighting tunnel. Fig. 10 vis a view'lobking downwardairplane model 1y on a dial of the machine instrument board while Fig. 11 is an enlarged view of another portion of the instrument board. Fig. 12 is a vertical section similar to that of Fig. 1 but made of the double ender machine. Fig. 13 is Va partial horizontal section of Fig. 12. Fig. 14 is a view of the front end of the machine of Figs. 12 and 13 with certain parts thereof cut away. Fig. 15 is a view ofthe righthalf portion 4of the instrument panel at4 one end of the machine Vof Figs. 12 and 13. Fig; I6' is a section takenV along lines I5 OfFigs.. l2. Fig. 17is a section taken along lines I'l-II of Fig. 16.

Referring now more particularly to the draw-V observer may rest his chin on the chin rest |2 at the'frontv end ofthe sighting tube and look into the tunnel. A controlcabinet t3 is applied to the end, of the vtunnel as is best shown in Fig..9 and opens into the sighting tunnel l as can readily be seen from Figs. I and 4.

Mounted within the control cabinet I`3 is a vertical shaft |4 best shown in Fig. 1. At the upper endof the shaft I4" there is secured a scale model airplane A for rotation with the shaft. The low-l .er end of the shaft has secured thereto a sprock- 1 etf 5 vin engagement with a chain B as is probably best. shown in Figs. 1 and 8. The chain f6 is -n turnin engagement with a sprockety I1 on t the end of a shaft (8. 'Ihe shaft [8 extends upwardly and outwardly of ther control cabinet (3 and has secured to its upper end a knob I9 whereby -it may be rotated. VIt will.V readily be appreciated that rotation` of the knob I'Q, through the mechanism described, effects a .rotation Yof the cated` presently.

Itl is desirable to illuminate the model A and to control the type ofV illumination so as to simulate varying conditions. Thus, the combat pilot mustJlearn-'how to identify planes and to determine their speed and direction of movement un- A, all for thel purposes to'be ind'iy sitting at the control cabinet on stool S of Fig. 9, may readily control the positioning of the airplane model l A, the degree of illumination thereof and the color of the illumination. Further available controls Will be referred to hereinafter. Y

Within the sighting tunnel l0 there is secured what may be termed a track assembly. This track assembly is best shown in Figs. 1, 4 and 5 and comprises an upper plate 2'9 and parallel side rails 3B. The track assembly, as :well as the re maining parts of my invention (to be described hereinafter, is formed of wood, mainly ,because wood atthe present time is a non-strategic material. It will be well at this time to indicate that the apparatus of my invention is fabricated as shown in the drawings and as herein described, merely because itA is at rpresent desirable to use the. form of fabrication and the materials shown and described. Apparatus embodying the basic concept of my invention may be fabricated in many ways other than that herein shown and described, and from materials that may be better suited for the particular purposes; Those skilled in the art will fully appreciate that my invention isa broadv one and that I am entitled to patent claims that will prevent the utilization of my invention by others in physical forms lother than those formsv which I shall herein show and describe. f Y

The tracky assembly is adaptedv to support for linear movement within the sighting tunnel HJ a carriage designated generallyby reference nudern light conditions corresponding, tofull daylight, dawn, dusk, sunset, etc. For the particular purpose, that portion of the control cabinet I3 in which the airplane model A'is housed, is parrheostat, the. operating'knob. of which is designated by reference, numeral25 best shown in Figs. 9 and f The p/trticulaljl color of the light is controlled by a color disc 26r best shown in Figs. 1` and 8, this color. disc being adapted to carry a series of glass or similar plates of varying colors through which the light will" shine on to' the airplane model A.V Thecolor disc 26 is secured to a shaft 2 that. is rotatable by a knob' 23 shown best in Fig. 10. It' is now quite obviousv that any one meral 3l and best shown in Figs. 1 and5. The carriage has Vertical side plates 32, the inner surfaces of which have cleats 33 secured thereto, and these cleats lie in juxtaposed relation to the Yrails 30 of the track assembly for guiding the carriage relatively to the track assembly; A lower plate 34 is secured to the lower ends of the side plates 32and extending .upwardly from the bottom plate 34 arebrackets 35 to which may be secured rollers or other non-frictional elements 3 6 that rest on horizontal extensions 3Tsecured to the side rails 33. The cooperation of the .rollers ornon-frictional elements 36v with Vthe horizontal extensions 31V serves to support the car'- riage 3l for linear movement relatively to the trackassembly as will be quite apparent.

For' moving the carriage 3I1inearly on the track assembly I utilize an electric motor and gear reducer'unit 4'0 shown best in outline in Figs. 4 and 8. YThis motor Lmit 4U has a sprocket 4l secured on its drive shaftA through which it drives a chain 42. The chain v42 in turn drives a sprocket 43 von a counter shaft 44 as isV best illustrated in Fig. 4. Mounted on the counter shaft '44 is' a sprocketV 45 Vthat drives the continuous chain 46; As is best shown in Figs. 1 andt, a lever 41 is pivoted at 48 to the continuous chain l4t and at 49 to a bracket 50 extending upwardly from the lower plate 34 of the carriage 3l..` The chain v46 is supported at` its end opposite the sprocket on a sprocket 5ft secured toA ashaft Seas isrbest shownin Figs.- l and 4. It isnow obvious that continuous movement ofV the chain 46. effects reciprocation. ofY the. carriage 3l relatively to the track assembly rails 30, the lever '41 following. the chain as it moves relatively to the sprockets 45 and 5I. n

Ihe carriage 3l has pivotally mounted thereon a lower mirror 53 and an upper mirror 54.- Each mirror is carried on a support plate 5`5'best shown 1n Figs; 1 and 7*. VIrach plate 55 is bored at 56 at each side thereof so that it may readily be the rails 30 of the track assembly.

assembled to a pair of pivot shafts 51 formed integrally with metal plates 58 that are adapted to be secured by screws59 to the side .plates 32. Each pivot shaft 51 traverses a slot 60 in the side plates 32 as is readily seen. The purpose of the particular parts is to facilitate ready assembly of the mirrors to the carriage 3|, and also to make it possibler to replace mirrors quite readily and without disturbing the relation of the parts. By removing plates 58 and pivot shafts 51 as seen in Fig. 7, the mirrors 53 and 54 and their plates 55 are readily removed. Later on it will be seen how readily the mirrors are released also from their tilting mechanism.

'I'he mirrors 53 and 54 cooperate with a vertically fixed mirror 62 best shown in Fig. 1 where it is seen secured to the end wall Illa of the sighting tunnel I0. It is obvious that in the position 'ofthe mirrors 53 and 54 shown in full lines in Fig.

1,'the image of the airplane model A is reflected rst from the mirror 53 to the mirror 62 and then from the mirror 62 tothe mirror 54 and into the sighting tube I I. If now the carriage 3| is moved from its full line position of Fig. 1 to the dotted line position of the same figure, the mirrors 53 and 54 must be tilted on the pivot shafts 51 if the image of the airplane model A is to be reflected into the sighting tube I.

For so tilting the mirrors 53 and 54, there is secured to each of the mirror support plates 55 a lbracket 63 that is bifurcated at 64. The bracket 63 of the support plate 55 of the mirror 53 is adapted for cooperation with a pin 65 inserted into the bifurcated portion 64. The pin 65 is secured to a rod 66 best shown in Fig 5. The rod 66 has at its lower end a cam follower E1 that rests against a cam strip 68 secured-to one of One end of the cam strip 68 may be seen best in Fig. 9. It is of course obvious that the rod B5 will through its cam follower 61 be moved upwardly and downwardly to follow cam strip B8 as the carrlage 3| moves on the track assembly. Itisfurther obvious that such movement of the rod 66 will through the pin 65 and bifurcated portion 64 of the bracket 63 effect a tilting movement of the mirror 53. For similarly moving the mirror 54 I utilize a rod 66a shown on the left side of Fig. 5. This rod 66a has a cam follower 61a that cooperates with a cam strip 68a for actuating the mirror 54 so as to properly align that mirror in all positions of the carriage. Both cam rods 66 and 66a are biased against their respective cams by springs 66d as is best seen in Fig. 1.

l vIt is well to indicate at this time that because v'my apparatus is fabricated from wood, the nat- 'ural 4shrinkage and expansion of the wood may affect the accuracy of the movement of the mirrows 53 and 54. Therefore the cam strips 68 and 68a are adapted for application to the side rails f30 of the track assembly while the carriage is at different positions and with the mlrrows ad- "justed to properly throw the images. In this way,

thecam strips may be accurately applied and ad- Justed as the mirrors are held in adjusted position, all as will be readily understood by those skilled in the art. It is of course possible also 'to form the cam strips 618 in short sections to facilitate their adjustment. It is interesting to note that mirror support brackets 53 are readily that any one looking through the sighting tunnel will see the image of the airplane model A in all positions of the carriage 3|. It is obvious of course also that as the position of the carriage 3| changes,l the size of the image of the airplane model AV is changed and the apparent distance of the model from the sighting tube II is changed. In actual Practice the airplane model A has a predetermined accurate size relation to a true airplane. The carriage 3| is so related to the size of the airplane model A that at different positions of the carriage 3|, the pilot looking at the image A from a sighting point at the end of the sighting tube II will view the image at various apparent distances corresponding to true distances. In other words, at a predetermined position of the carriage 3| he will see the airplane model A just exactly as the real airplane would appear at the particular distance for which the carriage is then set. Thus, if the airplane model A represents a Messerschmitt plane, and the carriage 3| is positioned at a point corresponding to a distance from the sighting point of 150 yards, then the pilot will see the plane model A exactly as a real Messerschmitt would appear at a distance of 150 yards. lAs the carriage 3| is moved to an apparent distance greater o r less than 150 yards the image of the model A will change in size just as a real Messerschmitt plane would change in size when moving away from or toward a pilot from an initial point 150 yards away.

The student pilot will observe the plane model A through a sighting glass designated by yreference numeral 10, and having concentric circles 1I', 1|a, 1lb formed thereon as best illustrated in Fig. 2 corresponding to an actual gunsight. The purpose of the concentric circles 1|, 1Ia, 1lb is to train the student pilot in determining how far from him is the airplane being observed and its speed of travel. Thus, the pilot will know that if a Messerschmitt plane is in the position relatively to the concentric circle 1I shown in Fig. 2 it is 150 yards away. If the Messerschmitt extends only across the diameter of the smaller concentric circle 1Ia shown in Fig. 2 is may be 600 yards away, and for circle 1lb it is possibly 1200 yards away. Naturally, large bc-mbers at distances of 150, 600 and 1200 yards have other relations to the concentric circles 1I, 1Ia, 1Ib. Therefore, a student pilotmay be trained to determine immediately through his knowledge of particular planes just how far those planes are from him. Then, by counting the time it takes for a plane to change from a position corresponding to the diameter of one of the concentric circles 1I, 1|a, 1lb to the diameter of another of the concentric circles, he calculates the speed of movement of a particular plane. Thus, if the pilot determines that it takes ten seconds for a Messerschrnitt plane to move from the position of the large circle 1I as in Fig. 2, to the diameter of circle 1|a,'he knows that the Messerschmitt is moving three hundred miles per hour.

'If it takes eight seconds he 'can determine that the Messerschmitt is moving at three`A hundred and forty miles per hour. The particular figures given are not of any significance and are merely cited as examples.

It is now apparent that-in actual practice the student sits at the machine and studies the plane images to determine their position and speed as the carriage 3| is moved to effect an apparent movement of the model A. In order that 'the student may check his judgment as to distance and speed of the model A, a dial 12 ismounted with itsj peripheral surface 13 partially'expcsed to viewthrough an opening 14 in .theinstrument boardlia of the control cabinet I3, all `as best seen inv Fiss. 3 and. `9.` The'dial 12 is rotated through frictional engagement with a sprocket 75 Xed by a stud 'I6 to a shaft Tl. Thesprocket 1511s driven by a chain 18 that is in turn driven by a sprocket 19, and the sprocket 'I9 is actuated bythe shaft .8B of the motor 40. In this way, the dial 'I2 is driven at a speed proportional to the speed ofthe carriage moving chain 46 so that thev position of the dial surface 73 always corresponds to the position ofthe carriage and to the distance of the airplane model A from the sight- :ing point. The dial isv ofcourse suitably calibrated interms of distance, .with the figures thereof being observed Vthrough the opening 14,

and a further opening im of a plate 8l asbest seenin Figs. 3 and 11. Plate 8| is utilized tooutline the opening 74 and on one side of the said plate 8| there appears the name Plane." Should yit be desired to teach'the student to recognize the various types of ships as is frequently necessary, it is merely necessary to reverse the plate 8l whereupon the name Ship will be visible. I

The openingj'llia will then of course overlie that portion of surface 73 of the dial 'i2 that is calibrated inV terms of distances that are'of irn- 1 portance instudying shipsvand ship movements.

' For adjusting'the dial body -12're1atively to the sprocket 15 in the event adjustment for calibration is necessary, it is merely required that the nut82 be rotated relatively to the shaft 1i. This relieves the pressure on the spring 83 that holds the dial 'I2 frictionally against the sprocket 15. The dial 'l2 may now be adjusted relatively to sprocket '15,and'upon tightening of the nut 82 will be heldin adjustment. To facilitate calibration,

Y side rail 30er Fig. 9 bearsnumerals corresponding to those on surface 13, all as will be clearly understood. It is possible to have but slight pres- ;sureeXer-ted by spring 83. Then, by merely holding the carriage stationary on the rail and within the range ofthe calibration as in Fig. 9, the ydial 'l2 may be moved relatively to sprocket 'l5 by pa, finger' through the opening 14 until the reading `of v the dial matches the. reading taken from the position of the carriage on the rails.

, Referring now to Fig. 10, the main switch of` the r:apparatus is designated by reference nu` lmerel-til while the motor switch for controlling the drive motor 40 is designated by. reference numeral 85. `The letters F, N and R represent forward neutral and "reverse4 for the said motor switch.. TheY instructor or student can readily" control the apparent movement of the model as is quite clear by merely operating the switch.

In Figs. 12-17 incltnive I illustrate a modified form of my invention inv whichV there are two sighting points for each sighting tunnel, the said sighting points being located at the opposite ends of the sighting tunnel ratherthan at one end as in' the modication alreadydescribed. kIn add'ition, .ve sighting tubes are .positioned Vat each end of the sighting tunnel so that ten students may use a single tunnel. In actual practice the tunnel is usually utilized by nine students and an instructor. The tunnel in. the several iigures referred to' is indicated by reference numeral lllh. y It hasv a control cabinet liib at each` end thereof, and in eachreontrol cabinet there is housed an airplanemodelrA. Through suitable means of connection, the airplane models A are moved synchronously by va singleloperating shaft lllb controlled by a knob [9b as best seen in Fig. I4.

The knob 28h best 'shownY in Fig.l 15 is utilized .to rotate the shaft 2lb and'thereby to control `the color ofillumination of the two airplane models A in much the manner in which the said control is exercised in the first modification. Thus, through achain 21e and sprockets 21d and v21e color'disc 2Gb is rotated over model A in Fig. 14. Through a similar drive from shaftl'lb acolor disc le is vrotated over the other model A..r The knob 21a. is of course used to controlpthe degree of illumination of the model airplanes Vin Y the same manner as in the first modification. It will now be appreciated that through the controls po,- sitioned on one of -the control cabinets I3b the two` airplane models are illuminated so that the students at all the sighting points will receive the same color effect.

y 1 In my second modification, a singlemi-rror carriage 3lb is utilized, this carriage being moved relatively to a track assembly much in the same manner as the carriage of the first modification.

f-It is thought unnecessary to describe in any more tu'bes Hb. The mirrors are adapted for pivotal movement in exactly the same manner asthe mirrors of the firstmodification; however, four cam strips lE581) are required insteadof two cam strips 68 of the first modification, one lcam strip for each mirror. Y

As is well seen Vin the drawings, two cam strips 68b are adapted for cooperation with thetwo forward mirrors and the other two cam strips 68h are adapted for cooperation with the vtwo rear mirrors, thecam stripesacting through cam followers and rods -in exactly the same manner as the earlier modification.V The cam strips- 68h are secured to the inner vand outery surfaces of each of -two cam rails as best seen in Fig; 16. The several cam followers bear the reference numeral B'Ib while the several rods to which the followers are secured bear the reference numeral GSU whereby 4to distinguish Yfrom Athe reference numerals 66 and 61 that were applied to similar parts in `the first modification. s l

It is obvious of course, that the apparent distance 'between a sighting point and the airplane model at one side of the sighting tunnel is com-f plementary to the distance betweenk a sighting point and the airplanemodel at the other :side

of the tunnel. The distances remain complementary as the carriageiilb moves lback and forth in the sighting tunnel. It i-s not thought Ynecessary to further complicate the. description of the second modification by addi-ng additional details Vdescribing the specific construction-of the partsV referred to. Y It will be well to indicat'ehowever that the sighting tubes Hb are pivotall-y 'mounted on shafts 'Mc in order that they may be moved' to follow the moving airplane image.Y

This feature'is not required when the Vsighting Ytube is directed always inY line with the image asin the first modication.

ascavif are rotated synchronously through the following means:

Suitably secured to each of the discs 12b is a worml gear 92. The series of worm gears 92- are driven by a series of worms 93 fixed to a shaft 94, there being one shaft 94 mounted in each of the control cabinets I3b. As shown in Fig. 14 the shaft 94 at one end of thev sighting tunnel is formed with a sprocket 95 that is driven by a chain S6. The chain 96 is in turn driven by a sprocket 91 on a shaft 98, and the shaft 98 is suitably driven through sprocket chains in synchronous relation to the chain 46h that drives the carriage 3 lb.

The shaft 94 at the other end of the sighting tunnel is best shown in Fig. 12 where it is driven by a chain 96a that is actuated by a sprocket 91a, the said sprocket being 'on a shaft 98a that is suitably driven by the chain 99. The chain 99 is in turn actuated by a sprocket |90 on the shaft I! driven by chain 4Gb. In this way, `the several discs 12b at the right hand end of the sighting tunnel, looking at Fig. 12, are driven at the same speed as the several discs 12b illustrated in Fig. 14. The numerals on the dials 12b are discernible through a series of openings 'Mb so that the students may check themselves.

In addition, if examinations are to be given, it is possible for the instructor to apply a circular sheet of .paper to each of the several discs 12b, with the paper being held against movement relatively to the said discs. The instructor may then require the students to write on the papers the apparent positions and speed of the plane models A incidental to his operation of the carriage 3| b. This the students will do through openings 14h. Since the instructor knows through examination of his particular disc 12b shown in.

Fig. 15 just what is the correct answer, he can easily examine the students papers to determine their correctness. vThe students can of course also check their own papers against the discs 12b if that is found desirable. I believe that the operation and construction of my invention will now be quite apparent to those skilled in the art.

I nowclaim: 1

1. In a combination of the class described, a sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a reflecting system for reflecting the image of said object to said sighting point, and means for moving a part of said reflecting system uniformly and continuously at a uniform speed whereby to vary continuously and uniformly the apparent distance between said sighting point and said object.

2. In a combination of the class described, a sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through the reflectionY of its image to said sighting point, a series of mirrors positioned for reflecting the image of said object to said sighting point, and means for contributing compound movement to certain of said mirrors for positioning said mirrors in different reflecting relations to said object whereby to vary the apparent distance between said 'sighting point and said object.

3. In a combination of the class described,`a sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a reflecting system for reflecting the image of said object to said sighting point along a predetermined line, means `for moving part of said reflecting system bodily into different reflecting positions relatively to said object whereby' the apparent distance between said sighting point and said object is varied, and means for imparting additional movement to said part' of said reflecting system whereby in all llosil sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a series of mirrors'for reflecting the image of said object to said sighting point, means for moving certain of said reflecting mirrors relatively to said obj ect whereby the apparent distance between said sighting point and said Objectis varied, and means for tilting certain of said mirrors while they are moving whereby to direct the image of said object to said sighting point in all positions of said mirrors.

5. In a combination of the class described, a sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a reflecting system including a mirror for reflecting the image of said object to said sighting point, means for moving a part of said reflecting system relatively to said object whereby the apparent distance between said sighting point and said object is varied, and means for tilting said mirror as said part of the reflecting system and object move relatively to one another whereby to direct the image of said object to said sighting point in all positions of said part of said reflecting system.

K 6. In a combination of the class described, a fixed sighting point, an object at a xed location adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a series of mirrors for reflecting the image of said object to said sighting point, means mounting certain of said reflecting mirrors for linear movement relatively to said sighting point whereby the apparent distance V between said sighting point and said object is varied, means for moving said mirrors relatively to said sighting point, and means for tilting certain of said mirrors while said mirrors are moving linearly whereby to direct the image of said object to said sighting point in all positions of said mirrors.

7. In a combination of the class described, a' sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a series of mirrors for reflecting the image of said object to said sighting point, means mounting two of said reflecting mirrors for linear movement relatively to said sighting point whereby thevapparent distance between said sighting point and said object is varied, means for moving said mirrors linearly, and means for tilting said two mirrors as they are moved linearly whereby to direct the image of said object to said sighting point in all linear positions of said mirrors. l

8. In a combination of the class described, a

sighting point, an object adapted to be viewedfrom said sighting point through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a series of mirrors for reilecting the image of said object to said sighting point, a carriage movable linearly relatively to said sighting point, means mounting at least two of said reflecting mirrors on said carriage for linear movement therewith whereby the apparent `distance between said object and said sighting point is varied, and means for tilting said mirrors as they move linearly with said carriage whereby to direct the image of said object; to.' said sighting point in al1 linearvpositions l oi Said carriage. Y

9. In 2. combination 0i the. class. described, a. sight-ina point, an objectv adapted to be Viewed fram said sighting peint, three 'mirrors positioned so that the image. of said object is reiiectedv from Y rstionsoi 'saidlirieallv moved mirrors.

.19:V acembi'nation of. the; classv described, a Sigh; a p nh obiect adapted. toA be; viewed `aid s1 biting pinttbree mirrors nnsitoned.- S9; the ge @i said- Qbieqt is refiectedfrom the t0: the: Seebad. mrrer; from the d m-irr r to the thirdmirror, and from; the.

tb; di 'm te the Si htina peint. a Carriage.

v, relativer to. Said. sighting point, mans mou time W@ oi Said reectina mirrors. eee. fet linear movement; therewith. envar-enten te b tweerisaid. ab. aldsiehtine peint 1er/aand; and means. fer t tine sail-Cl mirrors aS ther mve1nearf1xwith- :siege whereby tadirett tbeimaeg .Oi Said. Object to' Said! Siahtiria met allf: linear nasi'.- tipnaeisaiaarr' 'e naine? aaa;

a tiliiidridstbe-viewediitbm. S ma. 11911.11; the@ ahztherefleetign Off its. id Sighting. t, areiins Sistem La the@ Said, image.; to.

mif mlv and cantine nel Q inf said.tiinneljadaptedctd beviev/eduv fr'm Y said sighting pointv thrmigl'i1 Ithe reieotiori. of its imagetosaid sighting".point',.afreleotingv Qsitione.

o'fnpolind .increment t0 wert '0f Saidtrefletingf Sistem for! PQS'itii'g Seid. 'gattini direntreflec'tinglrelationsrelatively `'tojsaiol lob'jeoty whereby? t'lvfaryi theV apparent; distance between-*saidn sg'hting poi-ntfandj. saidi object-andi tov direct the imager-of' saidobjeet Atessa-idisightirig:pointy along- Q f. the describe@ me Pein ,for Said tunnelansi-.01a moving. a part.

Saeed.. whereby ha vari @Qnent. distance..

saidi predetermined line; in` alljaositions; off. saidk` parti` olf-jsaidf: reiiecting -system :relativelyv to-.said'i objectif viewing tunnel,y a sighting point at one 'eri-d 'of the tunnel, an object vertically displaced'` from said. sighting point at said endI of the tiinnei, a series of mirrors in said tunnel for reilecting trie image of said object to said sighting point, mounting. certain of said, reflecting mirrors. for linear movement relatively to saidfsightiiig. point whereby the 'apparent distance between said sighting point and said object is varied, means for moving said mirrors linearly, and' means foi'. tilting `certain of said mirrors whereby to direct: the image: of said object to saldi sightingV pointin all linear positions of. said linearly. moved mirrors.

l5.. In. aJ combination. of the class. described. a viewing tunnel, a sighting; pain-1;y ati one` end; of thetunnelg. an object' vertically' displaced from. Said sighting. point atY said end: of: the tunnelVaV series. of mirrors in. said tunnel for` reflecting. the image.y of. said object to. saidl sighting: point,. acarriagemovable. linearly relatively toi said sights` ing. point, means mounting` atleast two of." said reflecting mirrors on; said carriage fori linear: movement therewithiwhereby' that apparent-fdistancebetweensad objectfandsadl sighting point. y is varied; and means: for tilting saidl mirrors as: they movellinearly with saidicarriagewhereby t@ direct the image of said object to said*V sighting point., in. all linear positions. ofl saidi carriage;

16.-. a. combination ofv the classi described, ai. viewing tunnel, a. sighting. point; at one end'- of: the tunnel; an object vertically displaced.'from said, sighting. point'vaty said; end?. of? theV tunnelg. ai seriesgof mirrorsrin saidy tunnel;including` atileast` one'. mirror`A positioned` verticallyy between; said sighting point and olojectfandzt'wo: additional mirrors', one of s-aidA additionalI mirrors reflecting the image. of: the; object on. to` the. vertically: posi,`A tionedamirror, .which the otl'ierofVY saidg additional". mirrors. reflects the. image, from saidf vertically positioned. mirror.- toi said sighting. point;;means1 for moving: saidl additional. mirrors ,linearly relativelyto; saidL sighting point` whereby the'f` appar.- ent-distancezbetween ;said .sighting point; and; said'` object; is varied, and;V mea-ns; forv tilting. saidajddi--fV tional mirrors as they are moved lineajrlibsoi as to positionthemf. eontinueuely. tof; receive; and r-.eflecttsaid ima-ges.,` to isa-id.; sig'lfda-ingfy peint,-

17; Infacombinat oftheclas .fdescribedypag Sighting.: pbinti an:x o .see i a. .a-nted. tof be; viewed-1 from, Sid'sightinenoin throuehf the." relectien.; of. its. imasef tof. Said"J sieht-.ine point; ai refleetin systeml for reectina the. :imagenfisaidi obi een, t, .f Said.: sighting pQintf,.. andy newerffmean fer.. Cone:

tinucuslvmevine a1partfoisaid reiectm System and said object relativelytoione anothen atga-univ fcreenaedawhereby tavern Contnudusly andnnie hef apparenti. distancebetweenisaid:sienta andzsaid bleii; Y Y lof@the..-.-C.1as.S described: as tun y Systemims ae'etefsadf. from said sighting point for illufm;U

Objectif. e I

'19.. LIn Combinatie .Olathe .class fdsscribedia.. view-mammal, assiahting: neintf'fensaiditunne an, 0bJ...tinrsaiditunneleadapte to bewiewee; from` said. ghtin nointthroilghthefrelectien ofi; itsrimag.'itcA said'fsightingr-pointyarreectingrsy tem-1inY saidatunneliforereflectingthe; said;4 image; tdi said siglitirgz pcint;A illuminati-ngi- 'rn'e'al'nsj fi-e illuminating said object to simulatejillumination during certain weather and time conditions, and means controlled from said sighting point for actuating said illuminating means to vary the illumination of said object.

20. In a combination of the class described, a viewing tunnel, a sighting point for said tunnel, an object in said tunnel adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a reflecting system in said tunnel for reflecting the -said image to said sighting point, means for throwing variable colors on said object to simulate illumination during varying weather and time conditions, and manually operated means at saidv sighting point for actuating said color throwing means.

21. In a combination of the class described, a sighting point, an object positioned to be viewed from said sighting point, Va reflecting system through which the image of the object is reflected to said sighting point, and means at said sighting point for effecting the movement of -said object to reflect different views thereof to said sighting point.

22. In a combination of the class described, a sighting point, an object vertically displaced from said sighting point, a reflecting system through which the image of the object is reflectedv to said sighting point, a shaft extending from said sighting point toward said objectmeans of connection between said shaft and object whereby rotation of said shaft effects rotation of said object,

and means at said sighting point for rotating said` shaft.

. `23. In a combination of the class described, a sighting point, an object to be viewed from said sighting point, a reflecting system for reflecting the image of said object to said sighting point, means for moving said object and at least part of said reflecting system relatively to one another whereby to vary the apparent distance between said sighting point and said object as viewed from said sighting point, and means for imparting additional movement to a portion of said reflecting system whereby to direct the reflection of said object to said sighting point in all the relative positions of said object and said part of said reflecting system.

24. In a combination of the class described, a sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a reflecting system for reflecting the image of said object to said sighting point, means mounting a part of said reflecting system for movement relatively to said sighting point whereby the apparent distance between said sighting point and saidolbject is varied, means for moving said part, a dial at said sighting point, and means for moving said dial as said part of said reflecting system is moved, said dial bearing indicia indicating the apparent distance of said object from said sighting point as determined by the positions of. said part of said reflecting system.

25. In a combination of the class described, a

sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through .the reflection of its image to Said sighting point, a series of mirrors for reflecting the image. of said object vto said sighting point, means mounting certainy of' said reflecting mirrors for .linear movement relatively to said sighting point whereby the apparent distance between said sighting point and said object is varied, `means for moving said mirrorsy linearly, and camA mechanism for tiltins y early whereby to direct the image of said object to said sighting point in all linear positions of said' linearly moved mirrors,

26. In a combination of the class described,.a

sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sightingpoint through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a reflecting system for reflecting the image o1 said object to said sighting point, means mounting a partzof said reflecting system for movement relatively to said. sighting point whereby the apparent distance be;. tween said sighting point said object is varied,A

means for moving said part of said reflecting system, a rotating dial at said sighting point,

means for rotating said dial as said part is moved,.1v said dial bearing indicia indicating the apparent distanceof said object from said sighting point; as determined bythe positions of said part, and` means for. adjusting the position of said dial relatively to the position of said part of said reflecting.

system -to calibrate said dial to the said part.

27. In a combination of the class described, a sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed;

from said sighting point through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a series of mirrors for reflecting the image of said object to said sighting point, a carriage, bearing means on which said carriage moves linearly relatively to said sighting' point, means mounting certain of said mirrors on said carriage for linear movement with said carriage and also for tilting movement relativelyto-said carriage, cam mechanism on said bearing means, and means `extending from said cam mechanism to said mirror mountingy means for pivoting said mirrors as said carriagev moves linearly on said bearing means vwhereby to direct the image of said object to said sightinig point iny all lineary positionsy of said mirrors.

28. In a combination of the class described, a sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a reflecting system for reflecting the image of said object to said sighting point, means for moving a part of said reflecting system relatively to said sighting point whereby to vary the apparent distance be y tween said sighting point and said object, and;

a concentric ring sighting device at said sighting point to determine the apparent distance of said object from said sighting point and the apparent speed of movement of its image through movement of said part of said reflecting system.

29. In a combination of the class described,.a

sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sighting point by the reflection of itsy image to said sighting point by a series of fixed and movable mirrors, movable and stationary mirrors for so reflecting said image, means for bodily moving said movable mirrors linearly toV Vary the distance of said mirrors relatively to said sighting point and thereby vary the apparent distance of said object from said sighting point, and means for tilting said movable mirrors so as to direct the image toward said sighting point in all linear positions of said mirrors.

y30. In a combination of the class described, av

image, means for bodily moving said movable, mirrors linearly to varythe distance of said mir-.

certain of said mirrors as'said mirrors move 1in--` :fors relatively-.termici sighting ooiht 'and thereby van? the 'apparent distance of said obect from skid sighting point, and' means -oi tilting Sai-d movable mirrors so as to direot'tlie image toward said 'sighting point .in all linear positions YSaid mirrors. Y Y o v.31. -In a. vl:combination of the class described, :ak

fixed sighting point, an object positioned ^in ver--V .ti'cally lspaced "reiation to ksaid sighting poinh'r-a vertical mirror xedbetween said sighting point and said object, 'a 'pair lof :vertically soacedlmire rors llinearly spaced from said obit-eet,

the image of :said object and to ,refiect it to said fixed mirror, and thenV to receive the image from said 'fixed mirror and ieflec't it to the "Sight-mg point, a v'"carriagfe, means mounting said pairwo rfie'cting mirrors. Von said carriage for i ar movement therewith whereby the apparent i 1s'- tace between said ob'ect and saidl-'Sightingpirit Yis varied, and means. for tilting said mirrors `at. In la 'combination of :the dass desoiited,

meaiffsgoertain of rsa-io mirrors reinectihg fone of seid oojeotsto one of said sighting ivints, and

others of "said mirrors reflecting' theother vrof 'said objects to the other :oi fsaia sighting points.

37. In a combination' of the 'cl-'ass described, #a pair fof spaced sighting points, :a pair or objects, one to be Viewed fat `'one sighting poi-ht faire ltle other iat the other sighting point, mirror :support-1 ihgfinea s lmo'vable .between said sighting fpoihts,

ing lp-oin'ts, mirrors imouotedfoh 'saidfmirror fsup- Y other of said sighting po Y d 34; ih fa combination the class deso"bed, a pair ofiinear-iy-spaeed s htirie `ipoifrits to aah rois, 'm-iiror supporting mea-ns lmovaiiie fb'etween said Ssi'glhtii-igjlpoihts, mirrors 'imounted'oh isam' niiiiior 'suppe "g means, certain of @said mirrois feces-ting image-'toene of-said-"sightiii'gaoints, ariel other-s f'of said =iirr`drs reflecting 'an '-'mge to the other for said sighting zpoiiits, and :means aid mirror supportiiig'rheahsto ntaiy lreia'tin 'the distances Y between sdin rs lfandsaiilfsiglitingpoints. e

e5. @In :a oo'mbihationjof 'fthe :class described, :a oair -o'f lsighting points linearly spaced, objects `to he'vi'ewed irloin 'said sighting rpoinrts through `'the e'etion 'of their 'irnag'es to VAsi'd sighting p'oirit's, afc'arfi-"agemovable lineaviybetwoenfsaidsighting points and abbr'oaehing lone `sighting'flooiht when the other -isi'ghtihg":point, :mirrors #on said e for reiieotihg lthe imagelof vgone 'Lof :said objects ito 'one of 'said 2 sighting ihoiiiitsazid lfor Arefieotigthe .ifmaeeffofftheothersoojeotto the other miiifos rimouotea on said mirror supporting,

objects to the other ofl said sighting ipoints, means fior movingsaid .mirror supporting mear-is apparent v1dist-,anice 'between kcatch ci said objects so. rn :a sommation of Ithe dass deseiiibeoga pair 'Tof spaced Sighting poi-Hts, la, pair bf bjibs, one 'to Abelvicwed 'at one fightiig point andith other "at vthe other `'s'i'gf-l'1tinfgY point', mirror supporting means movable `leetitfeen said sighting points,

mirrors mounted on said mirror suppoitiz'igl` Sai-d 'objects to one of 'said 'sighting poi-rits,v others f Saidimirrr's'refiectin'g the th'er fO'f yi' objects to the other of said-sighting' lpoints, :means for moving said Lmirroresiippoiftirlig means Where by fto'vary in complementaryiijelatioh fthe rappelserft 2iii's'taii'ce "between K'each 0f said ibjesY and each -o fsa'id 'sighting rpoirits, and Imeans "for tiltiing said -mir'rois as they move with same mitica' supporting means whereby to direct the images oi said 'objects tol-saidsighting l'aointsiinV all positions oflsaid `.mirror:supporting means.

means, certain of Said mififors reflecting fone 'bf i 13'9. I-h 'a 'combination of the clas's describedi la pei lof linearly Spacedisigllitrig pdints to leach-inf which an-im'ag'e is reiiected :by as'e'es'of lmimfors, a, 'carriage movable linearly ibi-tween L"said sighting "points and approaching one v"sighting -piifit when leaving the other sighting xlpoin't, ri-iirrohsy ion said 'carriage positioned so that certain 'of saidiriiirrs reflect an riia'ge to 'oi'e fof said Asighting poki-ts whiie others 'i'i said txiii-Kroos :reflect an image to the other of :saids'ighting points, vthe mdviet Yf Sid'ltl'age Iamill'n'rrlsialiiigfi increase and decrease lthe apparentdistance be'- tween 'ea'ohfof said sighting points :and the object Whose image-lis Jreect'ed thereto. l f

'40. In a 'combination of `the :class `desciribed,a

tunnel, 'fa sighting Jpoin-t `at each fendt f the I nel, "an @object positioned @at leach end of the tunnel, a carriage :movable in saiditunnel bee. tween "said sighting points mirrors fron :said =-car-f Y it fapproache'sonesighting .point When-withdraws ing from the 'otherisig-htingipoint, `tiieirnoxleiherit o'i said carriage 'and miriforszactin'g :to :increase and decrease the apparentdistahcebetweenieatht of said 'sig-htihglpoints andthe @object whose a'geis 'reiiectedftlrereta Y '411. y'Iii -sa combination of 'the L,class adesonibed, ia sighting tunnelgsa sighting .p'oirit at each-Tend df the :'t'unneLan object po'siti'oedrt each -o'd'f the atunnel, :a carriagezmova'ble `1in rsaid Jtunnel mee tween rsaid sighting, ipoints, .fmirrors- 'on Isaia feaririage vlf'aciri'g toward one sighting ;point iand other mirror-son said carriage-faoinglthe=othersighting :poi-nt, said-mirrors acting toreectz-the 'imagesib't "said Lobjects Ikto-tlxe said sightihgspointsfmeansffr f moving said carriage in said tunnel so that it approaches one sighting point when withdrawing from the other sighting point, the movement of said carriage and mirrors acting to increase and decrease the apparent distance between each of said sighting points and the object whose image is reflected thereto, and means for tilting said mirrors as they move with said carriage whereby to direct the images of said objects to said sighting points in all positions of said mirrors and carriages.

42. In a combination of the class described, a sighting tunnel, a sighting point at each end of the tunnel, an object positioned at each end of the tunnel, a carriage movable in said tunnel between said sighting points, mirrors on said carriage facing toward one sighting point and other mirrors on said carriage facing the other sighting point, said mirrors acting to refiect the images of said objects to the said sighting points, means for moving said carriage in said tunnel so that it approached one sighting point when withdrawing from the other sighting point, the movement of said carriage and mirrors acting to increase and decrease the apparent distance between each of said sighting points and the object whose image is reflected thereto, a series of dial movably mounted at each of said sighting points, and means whereby said dials move in predetermined relation to said carriage.

43. In a combination of the class described, a sighting tunnel, a sighting point at each end of the tunnel, an object positioned at each end of the tunnel, a carriage movable in said tunnel between said sighting points, mirrors on said carriage facing toward one sighting point and other mirrors on said carriage facing the other sighting Gil point, said mirrors acting to reflect the images of said objects to the said sighting points, means for moving said carriage in said tunnel so that it approaches one sighting point when withdrawing from the other sighting point, the movement of said carriage and mirrors acting to increase and decrease the apparent distance between each of said sighting points and the object Whose image is reflected thereto, a series of dial movably mounted at each of said sighting points, means whereby said dials move in predetermined relation to said carriage, indicia on each of said dials, and writing paper applied to said dials for inscription.

44. In a combination of the class described, a

sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through the reection cf its image to said sighting point, a reecting system including a mirror for reflecting the image of said object to said sighting point, means for moving said mirror linearly whereby the apparent distance between said sighting point and said object is Varied, and means for tilting said mirror as it moves linearly whereby to direct the image of said object to said sighting point in all positions of said mirror.

45. In a combination of the class described, a sighting point, an object adapted to be viewed from said sighting point through the reflection of its image to said sighting point, a reflecting system for reiiecting the said image to said sighting point, means for throwing variable colors on said object to simulate illumination during varying weather and time conditions, and manually operated means at said sighting point for actuating said color throwing means.

LUTHER G. SIMJIAN. 

